Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Helicobacter pylori in Hainan Youth

Overview

This study analyzed Helicobacter pylori infection prevalence among children and adolescents aged 6–17 years in Hainan Province, China, using C13 urea breath tests and questionnaires. It identified key demographic and lifestyle risk factors contributing to infection, providing insights for targeted prevention strategies.

Background

Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium linked to various gastrointestinal diseases and classified as a Group I carcinogen. Infection commonly occurs in childhood, often within families, and prevalence varies globally with socioeconomic and sanitation conditions. Despite a global decline in adult infection rates, children and adolescents in developing regions remain at high risk. Understanding local epidemiology and risk factors is critical for effective control and prevention.

Data Highlights

The study surveyed children and adolescents aged 6–17 years across five cities in Hainan Province from March 2024 to June 2025. Infection status was determined by C13 urea breath tests, and risk factor data were collected via structured questionnaires completed by participants or guardians. Sampling was stratified by school district and grade to ensure representativeness. The study excluded individuals with recent antibiotic or PPI use and those with contraindications to testing.

Key Findings

• H. pylori infection prevalence remains significant among children and adolescents in Hainan Province, reflecting persistent transmission in this age group.
• Infection rates vary by geographic location within the province, likely influenced by local socioeconomic and sanitation conditions.
• Close family contact and household clustering are important contributors to infection acquisition in childhood.
• Dietary habits and living conditions, including hygiene practices, are associated with infection risk.
• Standardized C13 urea breath testing combined with detailed questionnaires provides reliable epidemiological data in pediatric populations.

Clinical Implications

Clinicians should consider the high prevalence of H. pylori infection in children and adolescents in regions like Hainan when evaluating gastrointestinal symptoms. Preventive efforts should focus on improving household hygiene, reducing familial transmission, and addressing modifiable lifestyle factors. Early detection and tailored treatment strategies are essential to reduce long-term complications associated with persistent infection.

Conclusion

This epidemiological study highlights the ongoing burden of H. pylori infection among youth in Hainan Province and identifies key risk factors that can inform targeted prevention and management strategies. Continued surveillance and public health interventions are warranted to reduce infection prevalence and associated disease risks.

References

1. International Agency for Research on Cancer 1994 -- H. pylori classified as Group I carcinogen
2. Zhou et al. 2021 -- National survey of H. pylori prevalence among adolescents in China
3. Second Hospital of Hainan Medical University 2024 -- Ethics approval for H. pylori epidemiological study