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1
Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) have a significant risk of progression to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), complicating early detection.
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2
Malignant transformation from OPMDs to OSCC is driven by genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and chronic inflammation, often preceding visible histological alterations.
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3
The tumor microenvironment, influenced by chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, fosters conditions that promote malignant progression in OPMDs.
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4
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) serves as a high-risk model for studying malignant transformation due to its unique extracellular matrix changes.
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5
Integrating multi-omics data with artificial intelligence can enhance risk assessment and early detection of high-risk lesions in oral cancer.
